Which of the following is NOT typically included in property-related fees at closing?

Property taxes are generally not included in property-related fees at closing because they are typically assessed annually and are owed based on the property owner’s tax rate and assessment rather than being a direct cost associated with the transaction itself. During the closing process, buyers may receive a prorated amount for property taxes, but the actual payment of property taxes is often ongoing and separate from the closing costs.

In contrast, inspection, appraisal, and survey fees are directly related to the property transaction. Inspection fees cover the costs associated with examining the property’s condition, appraisal fees assess the property's market value, and survey fees relate to establishing property boundaries. These costs must be settled at closing, making them integral parts of the transaction expenses. Therefore, property taxes stand apart as they typically represent an ongoing obligation rather than a one-time fee incurred at closing.